Adapting a Core Knowledge Unit for the Inclusion of Special Education Students: The Kennedy Years

APPENDIX E

BAY OF PIGS AND CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS CLOSE SUMMARY

 
The situation in Cuba with seizing American-owned oil refineries and businesses, nationalizing the country's major industries, and becoming friendly with the alarmed President . President Eisenhower ordered the director of the
( ) to begin secretly training thousands of
living in for an attack on . The CIA director convinced the new president, , to go ahead with the invasion saying that once the commandos landed the would rise and help overthrow .
The invasion was a disaster from the start. On ________ _____, _______, eight B-26 bombers fired on Castro's ____________. They did little damage to the planes, but this raid gave Castro enough of a warning of the coming invasion to arrest and jail __________ of suspected __________ (people who disliked the present government), so they could not help with the attack. On the night of ___________, CIA trained anti-Castro Cubans landed on the island. The _____ had led them to expect a smooth landing on a _____________ ___________; instead, their boats ran aground on _________ _________ within sight of a __________ __________. Within __________ __________, Castro had sent ________ __________ _________ to the area to block the invasion. The next day four B-26's left ____________ for an attack on Castro's forces, but failing to realize the difference in time zones, the planes arrived at their targets an hour before their escorts. Castro's jets easily _________ them. By ________ of the __________ __________, __________ had won. Castro traded _________ prisoners for $50 million in ________ and ___________ from the U.S.A.
The _________ buildup in ___________ continued. On October 16, 1962, ________ _________ revealed that the _________ were installing ballistic __________ on the western side of Cuba. The _________ could be outfitted with ___________ ___________. Wider ranging missiles, spotted _________ ________ later, could reach targets as far west as ____________. The next ___________ _______ were tense for the nation. President Kennedy held many meetings with his advisors to discuss the best course of action. On October 22, President Kennedy ordered a ___________ ____________ on offensive military equipment headed for _________. At sea, ___________ ___________ were stopped by the U.S. navy. ___________ (Soviet leader) remained silent for four days. Then, late on October 26, a _________ arrived from ___________: the _________ would be removed if the __________ __________ pledged not to ___________ __________. Hours later a second letter demanded the United States remove its own missiles from____________, which were within striking distance of ___________ ____________. President Kennedy answered the __________ ___________, agreeing to its condition, and ignored the ________ _________, and on October 28 ____________ promised to remove the missiles from __________. This time, _________ had won.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

APPENDIX F

SPACE RACE SUMMARY
Two events in 1961 jolted the U.S. pride and self-assurance: On April 12 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space, making a 108-minute one-orbit space flight; a week later the U.S.-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba met with disastrous failure. President Kennedy was deternined to restore national pride by launching (beginning) a new phase in the U.S. space program. On May 25 he spoke to Congress: I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. To finance this goal, Kennedy requested additional funds for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Congress responded with approving the first of more than $22 billion that would eventually go into Project Apollo.
From the beginning the national effort to place the first men on the moon was seen as a race, an opportunity to demonstrate once and for all the superiority of theU.S. technology over that of the Soviet Union. There were enormous problems to be solved, but on July 16, 1969, years of work and billions of dollars paid off with the flight of Apollo 11. Four days after lift-off Michael Collins orbited the moon in the command ship, Columbia, as Neil Armstrong and Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin, Jr., dropped toward the lunar landscape in the landing vehicle, Eagle. Pilot Armstrong realizing the module's automatic navigation was steering them toward rough terrain, seized the controls and touched the craft down safely in the smooth Sea of Tranquility. The Eagle has landed, he responded to NASA.
Armstrong emerged from the craft as a television camera, mounted on the base of the lunar lander, sent images back to earth. When his foot touched the ground, he said, That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. Aldrin and Armstrong collected moon rocks, set up experiments for later research, and shed equipment to lighten the return trip. They spoke to President Nixon and then lifted off to hook up with Columbia. The astronauts splashed down safely on July 24.
President Kennedy's promise was fulfilled.
 
 

APPENDIX G

THE SPACE RACE CLOSE SUMMARY
Two events in 1961 jolted the U.S. ____________ and __________-___________. On April 12, Soviet cosmonaut __________ __________ became the first man in space, making a ___-_________ ______-________ space flight; a week later the U.S.-sponsored _______ _______ _________ invasion of _________ met with disastrous ___________. President Kennedy was determined to restore ___________ _________ by _________ (beginning) a new phase in the U.S. __________ ________. On May 25 he spoke to ___________: I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this _________ is out, of _________ a ___________ on the __________ and returning him safely to ____________. To finance this goal, Kennedy requested additional funds for the __________ ___________ and ____________ __________ (______). Congress responded with approving the first of more than __________ that would eventually go into _________ __________.
From the beginning the national effort to place the ___________ _________ on the ________ was seen as a __________, an opportunity to demonstrate once and for all the __________ of the U.S. technology over that of the __________ __________. There were enormous problems to be solved, but on _________ _____, _________, years of work and billions of dollars paid off with the flight of __________. ________ ________ after lift-off __________ __________ orbited the ___________ in the command ship, __________, as __________ _________ and _______ (________) __________, dropped toward the lunar landscape in the landing vehcile, __________. Pilot Armstrong realizing the module's automatic naviagation was steering them toward rough terrain, seized to controls and touched the craft down safely in the smooth __________ ________ ___________. _______ _________ ___________ ____________, he reported back to ___________.
Armstrong emerged from the craft as a ___________ _________, mounted on the base of the lunar lander, sent images back to ___________. When his foot touched the ground, he said, ________ ________ ______ _____ ___ ______ _______, _____ _________ ________ ______ __________. ____________ and ___________ collected ___________ _________, set up experiments for later research, and shed equipment to lighten the return trip. They spoke to __________ _________ and then lifted off to hook up with ______________. The __________ splashed down safely on July 24.
___________ __________ ___________ was fulfilled.
 
 
 
 

APPENDIX H

BERLIN WALL SUMMARY
Berlin was a city divided at the end of World War II. The USSR controlled the eastern section and the western section was controlled by the United States, France, and Great Britain. The USSR continued to control East Germany and East Berlin even after the other countries gave up their control over West Germany and West Berlin.
On June 24, 1948, Soviet troops isolated West Berlin. No ground transportation was possible. For almost a year, the United States and Great Britain delivered food, medicine, and other necessities by airplane. Known as the Berlin Airlift, planes flew in 5,000 tons of supplies each day and assured the survival of West Berlin as a free city.
In August of 1961, the Soviets built a concrete and barbed-wire barrier through the middle of the city. Many people had been escaping through to West Berlin and tensions had increased following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Families were divided and people were stranded by the suddenness of the construction. Armed guards and dogs patrolled the borders.
Democratic nations expressed outrage at the building of the Wall. President Kennedy visited the West Berlin side of the Wall in 1963 and gave his famous speech, Sch bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).
Only a declaration of war would have brought the Wall down, and Kennedy was unwilling to go to war. Kennedy's assassination took attention away from the Wall. The Wall would symbolize the helplessness of the West for 28 years.
 
 
 
 

APPENDIX I

BERLIN WALL CLOSE SUMMARY
Berlin was a city divided at the end of _________. The _________ controlled the _________ section and the ________ section was controlled by the _______ ________, ___________, and _________ ________. The Soviets continued to control East Germany and East Berlin even after the other countries gave up their control over West Germany and West Berlin.
On ______ ___, _____, _________ ________ isolated ___________ __________. No ground transportation was possible. For almost a year, the __________ _________ and __________ __________ delivered _________, __________, and _______ ________ by airplane. Known as the ____________ __________, planes flew 5,000 tons of supplies each day and assured the survival of ____________ ________ as a _________ __________.
In August of 1961, the __________ built a __________ and ___________ barrier through the middle of the city. Many East Germans had been escaping through to _________ ________ and tensions had increased following the _________ ________ __________. ________ were divided and _________ were stranded by the suddenness of the construction. ____________ __________ and _________ patrolled the borders.
Democratic nations expressed outrage of the building of the Wall. _________ __________ visited the _________ _________ side of the Wall in _________ and gave his famous speech, Sch bin ein Berliner, (_____ ______ ___ _____________.)
Only a declaration of ________ would have brought the ________ down, and ____________ was __________ to go to _________. Kennedy's assassination took attention away from the _________ which became the symbol of the West's 28 years of helplessness.
 
 

APPENDIX J

THE ASSASSINATION SUMMARY
On Friday, November 22, 1963, President Kennedy, his wife, and Texas Governor John B. Connally and his wife rode in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. When the vehicle made a right turn off Main Street, the crowd was shocked to hear gunshots.
Governor Connally was critically wounded by shots to his wrist , chest, and thigh. President Kennedy was shot in the throat and the head. They were rushed to Parkland Hospital, but within 30 minutes, 1 pm Central Standard Time, President Kennedy was pronounced dead.
Police responded to reports of sightings of an armed man in the sixth-floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. A bolt-action rifle with a telescopic sight was found. One employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, was missing. He was eventually arrested inside the Texas Theater, and taken to the police station.
President Kennedy's body was taken to the airport and transferred to Air Force One to be flown to Washington, D.C. Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office aboard Air Force One prior to take-off. Once back in the capital, his body was taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital, then to the White House for a private family ceremony.
President Kennedy's body lay-in-state in the Capitol on Sunday. More than 250,000 people filed by his casket and as tens of millions of people watched on television.
On Sunday afternoon, Lee Harvey Oswald was shot to death while in police custody. He was shot by Jack Ruby, who claimed to be an admirer of President Kennedy.
On Monday, President Kennedy was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In a very moving ceremony, viewed on television by millions, Mrs. Kennedy followed the flag-draped caisson and lit the eternal flame. John-John's farewell salute to his father still brings tears to many eyes.

ASSASSINATION THEORIES SUMMARY
Controversy has surrounded JFK's assassination. The Warren Commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded that both Oswald and Ruby acted alone and neither was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign.
Many people were doubtful of this conclusion. Over the years, many people have conducted freelance investigations into the assassination. It has been proposed that Oswald was a Soviet agent, had ties to Castro in Cuba, was connected to organized crime in the U.S., or was associated with right-wing enemies of JFK. A number of films and acoustic tests back up the theory that shots were fired by persons, besides Oswald, from other locations.
A committee was established by the U.S. House of Representatives in the late 1970's to re-examine JFK's assassination. In early 1979, the committee issued the report concluding that there was a probable conspiracy in the assassination.
 
 

APPENDIX K

CIVIL RIGHTS SUMMARY
* Kennedy carried 68% of the black vote in 1960.
* John and Robert Kennedy (his brother and campaign manager) responded to Martin Luther King,
Jr.'s, arrest and sentencing to four months of hard labor (sit-in at an Atlanta department store) with calls to his family and the judge. MLK was released.
* Kennedy's executive actions supporting civil rights:
-- Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation on interstate travel facilities.
-- Justice Department initiated voter discrimination suits.
-- Presidential order ended discrimination in federally funded housing.
-- JFK sent Federal troops to contain rioting caused by James Meredith's admission to the University of Mississippi.
-- June 19, 1963 - JFK announced legislation to assure blacks admittance to lunch counters, restaurants, amusement parks, theaters, hotels, and other public facilities. The bill iuncluded protection of voting rights, federal assistance for desegrated schools, cut funding for segragated schools, and outlawed discrimination by employers with government contracts.
* Civil Rights Act of 1964 was pushed through Congress by President Johnson as a tribute to Kennedy after his death.
Thoughtmakers -- If JFK had lived, would civil rights legislation have progressed this far or be more advanced?
-- If JFK had lived, would riots have happened more or less often?
-- If JFK had lived, would MLK have been assassinated?
 

VIETNAM SUMMARY
* General trend to military build-up under JFK.
* Creation of special forces group called the Green Berets
* Long-standing civil war in Vietnam between communists and non-communists.
* In May 1961, JFK sent 400 special forces and 100 military advisors to Saigon to support South Vietnam.
* Applied the domino theory to Vietnam.
* In late 1962, JFK increased troop levels to 10,000and by late 1963, levels increased by 16,000.
 
Thoughtmakers -- If JFK had lived, would we have become so involved in Vietnam?
-- Would the war have been handled differently?
-- Since Vietnam, the U.S. has been very cautious about military involvement around the world. What effect did the cautiousness have on the Persian Gulf War, Bosnia, and hunger relief in Ethiopia?
 

RADICAL MOVEMENTS OF THE 1960'S SUMMARY
* Civil rights based movements:
-- SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
-- 1963 March on Washington with MLK's I have a dream ..... speech.
-- Black Panthers
* Political movements:
-- Peace corps
-- SDS - Students for a Democratic Society
-- Weathermen
* Anti-political movements:
(lost faith after assassination of JFK)
-- hippies - world based on peace and love, not war and greed - disillusioned with politics and power of the dollar.
Thoughtmakers -- If JFK had lived, would the hippies have existed? What about their modern day successors?
-- Several radical groups believed in the violent overthrow of our government> Could this have been a solution? What are modern successors of these groups doing?
 

APPENDIX L

POSTER QUIZ
1. When did President Kennedy send 100 military advisors to Saigon?
2. When did Martin Luther King, Jr., make his famous I have a dream... speech? Where was his speech made?
3. What special job did Robert Kennedy hold?
4. Why did the hippies lose faith in the government?
5. How did President Johnson get Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
6. Who were the Green Berets?
7. Who was James Meredith? What problem did he have?
8. What was the original conflict in Vietnam?
9. What does SNCC stand for?
10. What percentage of the black vote did Kennedy carry in 1960?
11. List 3 achievements of the Kennedy administration in gaining civil rights.
12. What political movement was started by the Kennedy administration to help create a better world?
13. When did the number of troops in Vietnam reach 16,000?
*** Essay***
Choose one and write at least one paragraph to explain your answer. Use complete sentences.
1. Should people violently overthrow a government that they don't like?
2. Should the United States use military action to help other countries?
3. If you were voting for president, would you vote for someone of a different race? Someone of the opposite sex?
 
 

APPENDIX M

STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL INCLUSION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
Modifications -- 1. Maximize student participation and interaction.
2. Enhance the respect and dignity of the person using the adaptation.
3. Promote interdependence.
4. Increase self-esteem.
5. Enable student to use skills across school and community settings.
Types of modifications -- 1. Close summaries or outlines.
2. Enlarged or black line copies.
3. Personal copies of notes for students who write slowly.
4. Alter length/ depth of assignments.
5. Preferential seating.
6. Use of videos (with closed captioning and if closed captioning is not available provide summary of the video.)
7. Use of visuals to reinforce concepts.
8. Use of overhead.
9. Simplify vocabulary and reduce length of sentences.
10. Extend time requirements.
11. Alter pace of instruction.
12. Assistance with note-taking.
13. Use of a calculator.
14. Highlight important cues, directions, or information.
15. Relate a difficult concept in terms of a student's daily life.
16. Increase amount of demonstrations and hands on experiences.
17. Adjust evaluations to the student's level.
18. Provide the student with the opportunity to utilize his/her assets.
19. Give several small tests instead of one large one.
20. Give open-book and/ or notes test.